---
title: "Behavioral Indicators of Heat Stress in Dairy Cows Under Subtropical Conditions: Comparison of Milking Systems"
authors: ["Chun-Hsuan Chao", "Kai-Chen Hsu", "Chau-Hwa Chi"]
journal: "Animals"
published_date: "2026-05-29"
doi: "10.3390/ani16111665"
url: "https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111665"
source: "crossref:crossref-animals"
fetched_at: "2026-05-30T18:53:30+00:00"
tags: ["奶牛/牛只", "行为识别", "清洁度/健康评估", "机器视觉", "农业智能装备", "农业电气化与自动化"]
relevance_score: 5.0
reading_status: "unread"
favorite: false
---

# Behavioral Indicators of Heat Stress in Dairy Cows Under Subtropical Conditions: Comparison of Milking Systems

## 基本信息
- 作者：Chun-Hsuan Chao; Kai-Chen Hsu; Chau-Hwa Chi
- 期刊：Animals
- 发表日期：2026-05-29
- DOI：10.3390/ani16111665
- 原文链接：https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111665
- 数据来源：crossref:crossref-animals

## 摘要
Understanding behavioral responses of dairy cows to thermal load under different milking-system environments is essential for welfare monitoring in subtropical production systems, yet field-based evidence remains limited. This study compared heat-related behavioral responses between an automated milking system (AMS) and a conventional parlor system under commercial subtropical conditions, with the hypothesis that cows in the AMS would exhibit more stable and less variable behavioral patterns under heat stress. Panting, feeding, and rumination were continuously monitored and analyzed at the barn level in relation to the temperature–humidity index (THI). The AMS barn showed lower panting duration and reduced day-to-day variability, whereas the traditional barn exhibited higher panting levels and greater short-term fluctuations. Panting increased consistently with THI, showing a clear temporal trend (β ≈ 0.65 min/day), and emerged as the most sensitive indicator of thermal load, while feeding and rumination showed weaker responses. During heatwaves, panting increased markedly in both systems, with limited changes in feeding and rumination. Multivariate analyses (PCA) showed more compact clustering in the AMS barn, with higher variance explained along the first principal component (PC1 ≈ 44%), compared to greater dispersion in the traditional barn. These findings demonstrate that cows managed in the AMS exhibited more stable and less variable behavioral patterns under heat stress, whereas cows in the conventional parlor system showed higher panting levels and greater short-term fluctuations. These system-level differences directly address the study objective and support panting as a practical indicator for heat-stress monitoring in subtropical dairy systems.

## 中文整理
基础摘要（未启用或未成功调用大模型）：Understanding behavioral responses of dairy cows to thermal load under different milking-system environments is essential for welfare monitoring in subtropical production systems, yet field-based evidence remains limited. This study compared heat-related behavioral responses between an automated milking system (AMS) and a conventional parlor system under commercial subtropical conditions, with the hypothesis that cows in the AMS would exhibit more stable and less variable behavioral patterns under heat stress. Panting, feeding, and rumination were continuously monitored and analyzed at the barn level in relation to the temperature–humidity index (THI). The AMS barn showed lower panting durat

## 关键词标签
奶牛/牛只, 行为识别, 清洁度/健康评估, 机器视觉, 农业智能装备, 农业电气化与自动化

## 相关性评分
5.0

## 相关性说明
命中 奶牛/牛只 关键词：dairy cow, cow；命中 行为识别 关键词：behavior, feeding, rumination, standing；命中 清洁度/健康评估 关键词：welfare；命中 机器视觉 关键词：thermal；命中 农业智能装备 关键词：monitoring；命中 农业电气化与自动化 关键词：automated

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